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people globally had cardiovascular disease in 2019.2 That’s almost twice the number of cases in 1990.2

of people with cardiovascular disease live with overweight or obesity.3

Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the primary consequence of dietary risks with 7.94 million annual deaths attributed to dietary risks including obesity and overweight.2


Every 40 seconds, someone in the United States experiences a heart attack4 or stroke.5

Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the leading cause of death globally.29 Of these deaths, 7.4 million were due to heart attack, and 6.7 million due to stroke.29

The number of people experiencing cardiovascular disease, including a heart attack and stroke, has increased by 24.6% over the past decade.30

The past half century has witnessed remarkable and unexpected progress, including a global action plan for the prevention of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) including heart attack and stroke.29 Even with this progress, heart attack and stroke remain the leading causes of death.29
Obesity and CVD

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1.

International Obesity Collaborative Consensus Statement, 2024

2.

Gregory A Roth et al. Global Burden of Cardiovascular Diseases and Risk Factors, 1990–2019. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2020. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2020.11.010

3.

Kotseva et al. “Lifestyle and impact on cardiovascular risk factor control in coronary patients across 27 countries: Results from the European Society of Cardiology ESC-EORP EUROASPIRE V registry.” European journal of preventive cardiology vol. 26,8 (2019): 824-835. doi:10.1177/2047487318825350

4.

Tsao et al. Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2023 Update: A Report From the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2023;147:e93–e621.

5.

Centre for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Stroke Facts. Available at: https://www.cdc.gov/stroke/facts.htm Last Accessed: September 2023.

6.

Khan SS, Ning H, Wilkins JT, et al. Association of body mass index with lifetime risk of cardiovascular disease andcompression of morbidity. JAMA Cardiol. 2018;3(4):280-287.

7.

Global BMI Mortality Collaboration, Di Angelantonio E, Bhupathiraju S, Wormser D, et al. Body-mass index and all-cause mortality: individual-participant-data meta-analysis of 239 prospective studies in four continents. Lancet. 2016;388(10046):776-786.

8.

Powell-Wiley, Tiffany M., Paul Poirier, Lora E. Burke, Jean-Pierre Després, Penny Gordon-Larsen, Carl J. Lavie, Scott A. Lear, et al. “Obesity and Cardiovascular Disease: A Scientific Statement from the American Heart Association.” Circulation 143, no. 21 2021. https://doi.org/10.1161/cir.0000000000000973.

9.

Whitlock G, Lewington S, et al. Body-mass index and cause-specific mortality in 900 000 adults: collaborative analyses of 57 prospective studies. Lancet. 2009;373(9669):1083-1096. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(09)60318-4

10.

GBD 2015 Obesity Collaborators et al. Health Effects of Overweight and Obesity in 195 Countries over 25 Years. N Engl J Med 2017;377:13-27. DOI:10.1056/NEJMoa1614362

11.

World Obesity Federation. World Obesity Atlas 2023. Available at: https://www.worldobesity.org/resources/resource-library/world-obesity-atlas-2023 Last accessed: June 2023.

12.

Horn, D. B., Almandoz, J. P., & Look, M. What is clinically relevant weight loss for your patients and how can it be achieved? A narrative review. Postgraduate medicine (2022), 134(4), 359–375

13.

Nalliah CJ et al. The role of obesity in atrial fibrillation. European Heart Journal. 2016;37(20):1565–1572. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehv486. Last Accessed June 2023.

14.

Wilding, JPH, Jacob, S. Cardiovascular outcome trials in obesity: A review. Figure 1. Obesity Reviews. 2021; 22:e13112.

15.

Look AHEAD Research Group. Association of the magnitude of weight loss and changes in physical fitness with long-term cardiovascular disease outcomes in overweight or obese people with type 2 diabetes: a post-hoc analysis of the Look AHEAD randomised clinical trial. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2016; 4:913-921

16.

Ryan D and Yockey S. Weight loss and improvement in comorbidity: Differences at 5%, 10%, 15%, and over. Curr Obes Rep. 2017; 6:187–194.

17.

Wing RR, Lang W, Wadden TA, et al. Benefits of modest weight loss in improving cardiovascular risk factors in overweight and obese individuals with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2011;34:1481–1486.

18.

Dattilo AM and Kris-Etherton PM. Effects of weight reduction on blood lipids and lipoproteins: a meta-analysis. Am J Clin Nutr. 1992;56:320–328.

19.

Coggon D, Reading I, Croft P, et al. Knee osteoarthritis and obesity. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 2001;25:622–627.

20.

Christensen R, Bartels EM, Astrup A, et al. Effect of weight reduction in obese patients diagnosed with knee osteoarthritis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2007;66:433–439.

21.

Zelber-Sagi S, Godos J and Salomone F. Lifestyle changes for the treatment of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: a review of observational studies and intervention trials. Therap Adv Gastroenterol. 2016;9:392–407.

22.

Glass LM, Dickson RC, Anderson JC, et al. Total body weight loss of >/= 10 % is associated with improved hepatic fibrosis in patients with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Dig Dis Sci. 2015;60:1024–1030.

23.

Garvey W, Mechanick J, Brett E, et al. American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists and American College of Endocrinology comprehensive clinical practice guidelines for medical care of patients with obesity. Endocr Pract. 2016; 22(Suppl 3):1–203.

24.

Lean M, Leslie W, Barnes A, et al. Primary care-led weight management for remission of type 2 diabetes (DiRECT): an open-label, cluster-randomised trial. Lancet. 2018; 391:541–551.

25.

Benraoune F and Litwin S. Reductions in cardiovascular risk after bariatric surgery. Curr Opin Cardiol. 2011; 26:555–561.

26.

Sundström J, Bruze G, Ottosson J, et al. Weight loss and heart failure: A national study of gastric bypass surgery versus intensive lifestyle treatment. Circulation. 2017; 135:1577–1585.

27.

McClellan, Mark et al. Call to Action: Urgent Challenges in Cardiovascular Disease: A Presidential Advisory From the American Heart Association. Circulation vol. 139,9 (2019): e44-e54. doi:10.1161/CIR.0000000000000652

28.

Schutz D, et al. European Practical and Patient- Centred Guidelines for Adult Obesity Management in Primary Care. Obes. Facts. 2019, 12:40-66

29.

World Health Organisation (WHO). Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) factsheet. 2017. Available at: https://www.who.int/mediacentre/factssheets/fs317/en/. Last Accessed: June 2023

30.

Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (IHME). GBD Compare. Viz Hub. 2022. Available at: https://www.healthdata.org/results/gbd_summaries/2019/cardiovascular-diseases-level-2-cause Last Accessed: June 2023